{"id":17545,"date":"2017-09-25T08:19:08","date_gmt":"2017-09-25T08:19:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/freseniusinstruments.com\/technologie\/"},"modified":"2018-02-15T12:27:10","modified_gmt":"2018-02-15T12:27:10","slug":"technology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Technology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-544097 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-239075 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-799182\" style=\"height: 100px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/technik_banner_lichtstrahl.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-567689 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-490928 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-928381 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h3>Monitoring Technology made in Germany<\/h3>\n<p>High quality and productivity in all corporate processes are of paramount importance in the industrial sector. Our devices are developed and manufactured to fulfil exactly these requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The use of high-grade materials and state-of-the-art technology is a matter of course to us. All devices are fully featured and sophisticated, and guarantee immediate readiness for operation with little effort.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-859885 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-921802 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-585602 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Our technology:<\/strong><br \/><strong>Fresenius patent \u2013 automatic zero adjustment<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The essential difference between well-known procedures and our patent is that the reference measurement of both the zero and the end point is not carried out using pure gases or a gas with a known concentration of the substance to be measured, but that the gas to be analysed itself is used for the reference measurement at another known pressure: The sample gas to be analysed is first measured at normal pressure (ambient pressure) and then at a second constant negative pressure resulting from the creation of a vacuum in the measuring cell. During this process, a certain theoretical relationship is assumed to exist between the extinction \u2013 i.e. the natural logarithm of the ratio of the measured intensity to the irradiated, electromagnetic intensity at a characteristic wavelength \u2013 and the concentration of the absorbing substance in the penetrated area (Beer-Lambert law).<\/p>\n<p>The fact that the two pressure values and the ratio of the concentrations are known (the latter due to a previously determined calibration curve) makes it possible to calculate the concentration by taking the general equation of state for ideal gases as a basis.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-707654 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-822289 kc_col-sm-6 kc_column kc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-659840 kc_accordion_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-325620 kc_accordion_section group \"><h3 class=\"kc_accordion_header ui-accordion-header\"><span class=\"ui-accordion-header-icon ui-icon\"><\/span><a href=\"#advantages\" data-prevent=\"scroll\"><i class=\"\"><\/i> Advantages<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"kc_accordion_content ui-accordion-content kc_clearfix\"><div class=\"kc-panel-body\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-302909 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Temperature-stabilised NDIR measuring cell<\/li>\n<li>Cross-sensitivity compensation by means of different mathematical algorithms<\/li>\n<li>Fast and easy adjustment<\/li>\n<li>Zero point with long-term stability due to our patented procedure<\/li>\n<li>Calibration with long-term stability \/ checking and, if necessary, adjustment required only once a year<\/li>\n<li>Maximum precision across a wide measuring range<\/li>\n<li>Low maintenance effort \/ thanks to our patented measurement process, soiling in the measuring cell as well as ageing phenomena of the IR emitter and the detector are largely compensated<\/li>\n<li>Low operating costs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-347829 kc_col-sm-6 kc_column kc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-296427 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-442288 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-52544 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-436560 kc-title-wrap \">\n\n\t<h2 class=\"kc_title\">Measuring principles<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-286755 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-529762 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-589946 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>NDIR principle<\/h4>\n<p>A discontinuous broadband IR signal is required to perform the measurement.\u00a0 It is possible to use either a pulsed or a continuous IR emitter whose radiation is time-modulated by an aperture wheel.<\/p>\n<p>In certain frequency ranges, a physical interaction between the incoming radiation and the molecules of the substance to be detected occurs within the measuring cell, which results in the absorption of the radiation energy (absorptive->non-dispersive, abbreviated: ND).<\/p>\n<p>The position and width of the frequency ranges are characteristic of the respective substance. Different substances may cause a superposition of some frequency ranges. This phenomenon called cross-sensitivity is to be avoided by selecting the frequency bands in a sophisticated way.<\/p>\n<p>This selection is performed by an optical filter. Due to the absorption characteristic of the respective substance, the filter limits the entire amount of radiation that penetrates the sensor.<\/p>\n<p>The level of absorption is a measure for the concentration of the substance in the measuring cell. The substance concentration is calculated by measuring the signal reduced by absorption and comparing it with the reference signal without absorption. Several detectors with matched optical filters are used whenever several substances are detected by one measuring cell.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-431490 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><a rel=\"prettyPhoto\" class=\"kc-pretty-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/NDIR_Messverfahren.png\" title=\"\" target=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/NDIR_Messverfahren.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/NDIR_Kuevette.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-610939 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-782756 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-567801 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-256294 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-662635 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-47490 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Paramagnetic principle<\/h4>\n<p>Oxygen and nitrogen are influenced by magnetic fields. While, within such a field, oxygen moves towards the magnet, nitrogen moves away from it.<\/p>\n<p>Oxygen is paramagnetic, which is due to the magnetism of the oxygen particles. Each individual particle has a magnetic moment. The direction of the moment, however, is different in case of each particle.\u00a0 As a consequence, the resulting total magnetic moment compensates itself for a larger amount of particles so that no field effects can be detected on a macroscopic scale.<\/p>\n<p>Within an external magnetic field, however, the magnetic moments of the oxygen particles align themselves in the same direction, which results in the creation of a total moment that interacts with the external field. As a consequence, oxygen is attracted by the external field. This phenomenon is called paramagnetism.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of nitrogen, however, an external magnetic field causes an opposing internal magnetic moment. This opposite direction causes the nitrogen&#039;s ambition to leave the field towards lower field strengths, which can be observed as a movement away from the magnet. This phenomenon is called diamagnetism. Both effects are used in the paramagnetic oxygen measuring cell. The cell contains a dumb-bell with balls float-mounted on a thin axle and filled with nitrogen. Each ball of the dumb-bell is positioned in a magnetic field. This is done in such a way that no external influences are required to ensure a balance of forces. Now, if a gas mixture containing oxygen penetrates the measuring cell, the oxygen content is drawn into the magnetic field in which the balls filled with nitrogen are floating. These are displaced by the intensifying concentration of oxygen.<\/p>\n<p>The displacement motion can be seen from the angular displacement around the suspension point. At the same time, the rotation causes the mirror mounted on the axle and dumb-bell to tilt. This results in an angular change of the reflected laser shone at the mirror. The angular change is measured by an optical sensor. The degree of the displacement corresponds to the oxygen concentration.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-531986 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/paramagnetisches_Messverfahren_1.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/paramagnetisches_Messverfahren_2.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-663149 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-331956 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-197085 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-205035 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-831457 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-80872 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Electrochemical principle<\/h4>\n<p>An electrochemical measuring cell usually consists of two or three electrodes and one electrolyte. The latter takes care of the charge transport of ions. A PTFE film separates the electrolyte from the sample gas. The electrodes consist of diaphragms coated with gold or platinum. The sample gas diffuses the barrier of the working electrode. It is in this electrode where the component to be measured is electrochemically converted. The electrons released by this process diffuse to the counter electrode. This creates a current flow between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The current rating is in proportion to the amount of gas converted in the working electrode.<\/p>\n<p>The reference electrode provides constant voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode. Many gases only react at a very specific reference voltage. Electrochemical measuring cells are ideal for detecting gases such as H2S, H2, HCN, CO, Cl2, NO and NO2.<\/p>\n<p>The combination of different catalysts, electrodes, electrolyte solutions and reference voltages enables improved selectivity and cross-sensitivity.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-537443 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/electrochemical_measuring_principle.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-278877 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-719335 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-810958 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-474828 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-360001 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-219866 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Der Pyroelektrische Infrarotsensor:<\/h4>\n<p>Der pyroelektrische Sensor ist empfindlich gegen\u00fcber Temperaturver\u00e4nderungen. Diese Eigenschaft wird z. B. in der IR-Gasmesstechnik genutzt. Durch den zus\u00e4tzlichen Einsatz von optischen Filtern, k\u00f6nnen Gase somit selektiv gemessen werden.<\/p>\n<p>Die Funktionsweise des Sensors basiert auf folgendem Effekt:<br \/>Die gegen\u00fcber thermischen \u00c4nderungen, empfindliche Komponente, besteht aus einem Piezo-Kristall. Dieser besitzt eine permanente elektrische Ladung. Bei Temperatur\u00e4nderungen verschieben sich die Oberfl\u00e4chenladungen des Elements (Piezoelektrizit\u00e4t) und eine Spannungs\u00e4nderung wird gemessen. Durch Einsatz von Verst\u00e4rkern kann das elektrische Signal erfasst werden.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-546451 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/pyroelektrischer_Infrarotsensor.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-193199 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-873724 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-426333 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-883347 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-933934 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-351671 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>L\u00f6sungs-Diffusionsmodell<\/h4>\n<p>Das L\u00f6sungs-Diffusionsmodell beschreibt den Transport von Molek\u00fclen durch eine dichte Membran. Das Modell wird verwendet um z. B. den Stofftransport von Gasen durch Polymermembranen zu erkl\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n<p>Das Modell besagt, dass sich an der Membran zun\u00e4chst eine Grenzschicht bildet. Die Molek\u00fcle werden absorbiert bzw. gel\u00f6st. Die Grenzschicht f\u00fchrt zu einer Partialdruckdifferenz, d. h. auf der einen Seite der Membran herrscht ein hoher, und auf der anderen Seite der Membran herrscht ein niedriger Partialdruck. Das Bestreben der Molek\u00fcle ist, diesen Partialdruckgradienten auszugleichen (Diffusion). Die Molek\u00fcle m\u00fcssen f\u00fcr den Druckausgleich durch die Membran transportiert werden. Dann erfolgt die Desorption der Molek\u00fcle in die Niederdruckzone.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-423059 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/diffusion.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-455535 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-52553 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-653718 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-190672 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-164985 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-497706 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Reflux Methode<\/h4>\n<p>Die Gastrocknung \u00fcber einen Feuchteaustauscher (z. B. basierend auf einer Polymermembran) ben\u00f6tigt einen Partialdruckgradienten. Das feuchte Gas (hoher Partialdruck) str\u00f6mt durch den Feuchteaustauscher bzw. Trockner. Dabei wird der Trockner selbst im Gegenstromprinzip mit einem trockenen Gas (niedriger Partialdruck) umsp\u00fclt. Das Trockengas muss dabei nicht zu 100% trocken sein.<\/p>\n<p>Bereits getrocknetes Gas kann \u00fcber die sogenannte Reflux-Methode (R\u00fccksp\u00fclung) nach der Gasanalyse zur\u00fcckgef\u00fchrt werden und als Sp\u00fclgas verwendet werden. Zu beachten ist, dass die weitere Aufnahme von Feuchtigkeit durch die bereits vorhandene Feuchtigkeit im Trockengas begrenzt ist. Diesem Effekt kann durch das Anlegen eines Vakuums, am Sp\u00fclgasausgang, entgegengewirkt werden.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-708032 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/reflux_method_en.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-685147 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-781923 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-78308 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-506150 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-799033 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-185746 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Fabry-Perot Filter<\/h4>\n<p>Bei der Nutzung eines Detektorsystems mit Fabry-Perot Filter, entf\u00e4llt die Verwendung von einzelnen Filtern f\u00fcr die Erfassung bestimmter Wellenl\u00e4ngen. Der Fabry-Perot Filter ist ein durchstimmbarer Filter mit dem ein gesamter Wellenl\u00e4ngenbereich abgedeckt werden kann.<\/p>\n<p>Die Funktionsweise des durchstimmbaren Fabry-Perot Filters beruht auf dem Prinzip des Interferometers (Fabry-Perot-Interferometer). Dabei wird Strahlung zwischen zwei Platten (Reflexionsplatten z. B. Glasplatten) mehrmals reflektiert. Ein Teil der Strahlung wird von dem Interferometer durchgelassen (Transmission). \u00dcber den Abstand der Platten werden die Zentralwellenl\u00e4ngen (Maximum der Transmission) definiert. Mit einem zus\u00e4tzlichen Breitbandpassfilter kann die einfallende Strahlung selektiert werden, um entsprechend schmale Absorptionsbanden zu erhalten.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-843871 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/fabry_perot_filter_en.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-952788 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-422729 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-924093 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-26197 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-585542 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-600145 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>UV-VIS spectroscopy<\/h4>\n<p>The spectrum of light visible to the human eye (VIS) covers the range of wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm. The ultraviolet range (shortwave electromagnetic radiation) starts below 400 nm, while the infrared range (longwave electromagnetic radiation\/thermal radiation) begins above 800 nm.<\/p>\n<p>Spectroscopy uses the above-mentioned wavelength ranges to detect substances both qualitatively and quantitatively. In order to analyse different substances, UV-VIS spectroscopy uses the electromagnetic radiation from the shortwave range to the visible range (VIS). One of the several advantages of this method is the fact that many cross-sensitivities are omitted.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-241540 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc_shortcode kc_single_image effect-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/kingcomposer\/assets\/images\/get_start.jpg\" class=\"kc_image_empty\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-282585 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-515117 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-98772 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-735504 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-252531 kc_col-sm-8 kc_column kc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-944315 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<h4>Further principles<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector)<\/li>\n<li>PID (Photoionisation Detector)<\/li>\n<li>Absorption spectroscopy by means of tuneable laser diodes (TDLAS, DFB, QCL, EC-QCL)<\/li>\n<li>FTIR (Fourier-transform spectroscopy)<\/li>\n<li>Gas chromatography<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-454986 kc_col-sm-4 kc_column kc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-300883 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-720323 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-911788 divider_line\">\n\t<div class=\"divider_inner divider_line1\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-232795 kc_row\" style=\"position: relative\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-942584 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-962494 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p>Which principle of gas measurement technology is appropriate for your application must ultimately be clarified in each individual case and depends on several factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Type and composition of the analyser<\/li>\n<li>Requisite detection limits<\/li>\n<li>Measuring ranges<\/li>\n<li>Influence caused by cross-sensitivities of accompanying substances (gas matrix)<\/li>\n<li>Moisture content of the sample gas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17545","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","kingcomposer","kc-css-system","masthead-fixed"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17545","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17545"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17545\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17801,"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17545\/revisions\/17801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.freseniusinstruments.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17545"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}